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Coccochlorophyll-A containing cyanobacteria are an important component of nitrogen cycling in lake ecosystems. The oxygen (O2) and/or nitrogen (N) regimes of these organisms are usually investigated in isolation. The effects of changing both O2 and N supplies on net nitrate-reducing activity and community composition of periphyton from two eutrophic lakes were investigated. The O2 and/or N concentrations were lowered from 1.5 to 0.15 mg L-1 by bubbling sterile air or N2 for 2 weeks. As expected, microcystin, a toxin produced by cyanobacteria, was detected in lake water and in lake water incubated with periphyton only when O2 and N were not limiting. Dissolved O2 concentrations were lowered from 3.1 to 0.3 mg L-1 by bubbling sterile air for 2 weeks. This resulted in reduced net nitrate-reducing activity of periphyton. Nitrate-reducing bacteria were identified by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers to 16S rRNA, and total periphyton community was analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Lower dissolved O2 concentrations resulted in increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Alteromonadales and Gammaproteobacteria. Nitrate-reducing bacteria isolated from this system and from the well-studied nitrate-reducing pseudomonads were able to utilize formate as an electron donor, but no nitrate-reducing activity was detected with nitrate. These data indicate that nitrate-reducing bacteria are sensitive to both O2 and N concentrations in the environment.This invention relates generally to a chemical apparatus and process for killing or neutralizing chemical agents, and more particularly to a new and improved chemical apparatus and process for removing chemical agents that have been released ac619d1d87
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